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OpenAI鈥檚 ChatGPT service suffered an hours-long outage on Wednesday, with reports its global integration into Apple鈥檚 iOS operating system led to a rush of new user requests. Just days prior, the company鈥檚 newly released Sora video generator was forced to close registration after demand outstripped capacity. Meta also faced unexplained infrastructure pressure this week, with users reporting disruptions across the firm's major platforms, including Facebook, WhatsApp, and Instagram. Alphabet鈥檚 release of its new upgraded Gemini AI model this week was smoother, with the firm rolling out new data-intensive services like virtual assistants, image generation, and realistic conversational audio.

As large-cap tech companies deliver more computationally intensive AI services, we expect continued robust AI capex investment in the years ahead. We expect the big four (Alphabet, Amazon, Meta, Microsoft) will raise their AI capex by another 20% in 2025 to USD 267bn, a significant boost for earnings of chip and cloud companies.

While many investors have built portfolio exposure to AI chip companies and platforms, we also see underappreciated opportunities adjacent to this trend in power and resources:

Data center operators can鈥檛 build new capacity fast enough. Existing data center capacity is quickly filling up, with vacancy rates in the US now in the low single digits. Major tech companies see leadership in AI as an imperative and are likely to continue spending on capacity expansion to the extent supply constraints allow. For the data center electrification equipment end market itself, we see 20-25% growth in the short term and 10-15% growth in the medium term.

AI is a significant new catalyst for energy demand. Data centers have always been heavy users of power and electrical equipment. But demand is accelerating significantly. In the US, electricity demand from data centers has grown 50% since 2020, now accounting for 4% of the country's consumption. The Electric Power Research Institute estimates that this share could grow to 9% of all US electricity as soon as 2030. The story is similar outside the US, with the International Energy Agency forecasting global data center consumption could more than double by 2026 relative to the 2022 base of 460 terawatt hours (TWh). Facebook parent Meta last week signed a deal for 760 megawatts worth of green solar credits, and issued a 1-4 gigawatt nuclear power tender for the 2030s. The IEA estimates overall electricity demand growth will accelerate from the 2.5% average pace over the past decade to a 3.4% annual pace from 2024 to 2026.

Investors should expect major capital spending on electricity grids and equipment. Until a few years ago, there was a decade of underinvestment in developed markets electrical grids. Consequently, replacement capital spending may be similar in scale and cost to both expansion capex and to maintenance spending to improve the resilience of grids, according to Edison Electric Institute estimates.

In most emerging markets, the relatively new state of existing grids means new buildouts will likely be the most important driver of investment in the coming decades. Growth in both AI and electric vehicle charging demand will also require more medium-voltage equipment, a segment we particularly favor and expect to see high single-digit growth in the coming years.

More metals and other resources will be needed to meet electricity needs. Access to critical metals is key to the rapid deployment of transition energy technologies鈥攅specially those related to infrastructure and energy storage. We think natural resource markets鈥攕uch as copper, aluminum, and lithium鈥攚ill likely tighten further as strong demand comes up against bottlenecks in production and processing. With global miners continuing to demonstrate capital discipline, we think governments will need to enact policies encouraging more industry capex and supply chain diversification. In the medium term, the rapid increase in electricity usage we anticipate from AI data centers could lead to even higher metal demand than the consensus expectation.

So alongside areas like semiconductors, foundries, and megacap tech platforms, we believe an AI-linked rise in energy demand will fuel transformational opportunities in power and resources. We forecast around USD 3.0tr in combined annual investment by the end of the decade in power generation, energy storage, grid infrastructure, data centers, and transportation and industry.

Without taking any single-name views, we believe the best opportunities are in transmission, distribution, data centers, transport, and energy storage. We anticipate the US Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA) will remain a tailwind for many years, and that Trump criticism will not result in a sharp drop in spending. Investing in private infrastructure, like data centers or power infrastructure, may provide stable, attractive returns for investors willing to bear the illiquidity involved in such investments. Read more about this theme in our "Power and resources" report.