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It is a difficult road ahead over a long-term horizon but this is not like previous recessions, which destroyed some of the capital stock, or like the Great Financial Crisis in 2008/2009, when the financial system needed to be fixed. For example, when a vaccine is found, there is no reason why we shouldn't be able to recover from this much quicker than previous crises.

If we start seeing the opening up of economies it could be a W-shaped recovery, where we come out of the lockdown and the economy starts growing and then the virus comes back, and we see a double dip. I don’t see a U-shaped recovery, staying at the bottom of the curve for a long time and then going up, if you look at the current infection rate levels. Lockdowns in Europe especially were successful. Governments will want to relax lockdown restrictions soon to support the economy but in my opinion this is too soon. I therefore believe it will be a V or W shape recovery curve, depending on the trajectory of the virus. It is unlikely that after opening-up the economy will crawl along the bottom for long.

Yes, it will be easier as its not a capital stock issue like in previous crises. In a cyclical driven recession for example when demand falls in industries such as manufacturing and machines are no longer in use, when demand returns years later, those machines are no longer serviceable and require investment. We are looking at much shorter durations in this crisis, travel and tourism sectors will bounce back more quickly than manufacturing or housing sectors could have in the past as there is no capital stock or business investment needed to resume business. If a vaccine is introduced and demand returns, activity can resume immediately for airlines and hotels.

Focusing on developed economies, it was necessary to provide ample support. For example the furlough system in the UK worked very well in keeping the labor market operational and prevented many layoffs. It is very important that governments continue that support, indeed the UK will extend its furlough scheme to October to support workers and this was expanded to include part-time workers.

In Europe, the policymakers reacted very well flooding the economy with liquidity through its monetary policy actions which prevented many bankruptcies.

In contrast, the US from what I can tell, has not provided enough support. Supporting companies directly and not via employment resulted in a higher unemployment rate that could have been prevented.

In previous crises the US has exited a recession more quickly than Europe because it is more flexible and has lower administrative burdens. Post COVID-19, Europe will recover faster relative to its past performance so it could even exit either before or at the same time as the US this time around.

Firstly, it would be better for everyone if there was greater transparency on the plan to exit the lockdown. We need a plan even if it’s a conditional plan and the avoidance of vague guidance. Secondly I would like to see more collaboration and coordination between governments in the European Union. We should learn from other countries. Lastly, we would need a road map to be aware of how governments intend to manage the debt burden brought about by the economic downturn of the crisis. In my view, they shouldn’t rush to introduce austerity measures and would wait for the economic recovery to properly take effect.

I never worry about inflation and I expect it to be fairly benign. If it goes up to 4% for a short period of time to deal with high debt levels and increasing demand until the central bank starts to withdraw liquidity from the economy, then that is not a reason to panic. The economy needs some inflation to revive quickly.

A long-term trend we have been observing pre-crisis is technological change through automation and artificial intelligence in manufacturing and some professional services sectors. Those working in these sectors will earn higher incomes and have more free time to spend on consumption in sectors which include creative services industries, personal services and hospitality sectors.

After COVID-19, those service sectors were the worst affected by the crisis and even if we find a vaccine, they will take the longest to recover. In contrast, healthcare sectors have seen a boost and recognition for the efforts in the fight against the virus. I expect more financial support entering this sector than before the crisis.

Some industries are having to introduce social distancing measures and manage behavioral changes including the hospitality sector where we can expect more job losses. The optimal solution is retraining workers in the growth sectors where there are more job opportunities, this could be in the form of governments subsidizing businesses to train individuals. Land could become of higher value with social distancing measures imposed upon businesses requiring more space.

I don’t see globalization disappearing completely. The virus is however, a shock to the globalization trend because technology developments have enabled the return of domestic supply chain processes in the absence of overseas supply chains. One of the benefits of supply chains being overseas is the low labor cost of manufacturing but this can now be automated within domestic markets in response to the global lockdown of countries. Globalization will remain if organizations such as the World Trade Organization and United Nations can continue working together since deglobalization posed an issue even before the COVID-19 crisis.

I am disappointed in the performance of the country, it boasts a highly educated population especially in the north and yet it has a poorly structured political system. It also has a poor legal system which hinders its economic growth. As far as the debt is concerned, The country has a larger economy, larger GDP than Greece, Italy is therefore viewed as too big to fail. The European institutions will do everything to prevent this, unlike their response to Greece’s debt crisis in the past. The Italian government does need to collaborate more with other southern European countries in order to add gravitas for southern Europe with the European institutions.

It is important to provide income support to these groups of society. Universal basic income is often criticized but I am in favor of universality in the sense of not strictly means-testing because the administration of that is expensive. Certain vulnerable groups require more subsidies support in the form of essential services, for example the provision of social and childcare. In terms of design I am in favor of Milton Friedman’s old proposal of a negative income tax.

The online education industry with the absence of face-to face interaction will grow, for example learning a new language or corporate internal training systems. There are many start-ups in Europe and especially in China gaining traction in this industry. I see opportunity in these niches, specialist education areas but structurally, there is an additional need for pastoral care for school-aged children to enable the parents to stay in the workforce, and this can only be given through physical school attendance.