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An exchange traded fund (ETF) is an investment fund that tracks the performance of its underlying index and can be bought and sold on the stock exchange. Like a traditional fund, an ETF is a mutual fund and thus unaffected by any insolvency of the ETF provider. It allows the benefits of a collective investment fund yet trades like a share.

ETF trading can be done on the stock exchange or over the counter at any time of the day. As ETFs are pegged to an underlying index, they are passive investment vehicles that merely replicate the performance of their underlying asset. In other words, when the underlying index increases in value, the value of the ETF increases likewise.

The first ETFs were listed in the US in 1993 and Europe from 1999. Since then, a steadily increasing number have become available. Traditionally, ETFs are passive index funds but actively managed ETFs have also come into play since their authorization in 2008 and require a portfolio management strategy.

ÃÛ¶¹ÊÓƵ ETFs are available on a wide range of underlying asset classes such as equities, bonds, commodities, precious metals and real estate and offer investors access to numerous markets with just one transaction. Investors can also choose the replication method they prefer as ÃÛ¶¹ÊÓƵ offers a wide spectrum of physically and synthetically replicated ETFs.

The objective of an exchange traded fund (ETF) is to track as closely as possible the index on which the ETF is based in order to provide investors in the ETF the same performance relative to the market underlying the index.

Indices are based on theoretical calculations, however, which means that costs incurred in practice, for example, for the purchase or sale of securities represented in the index are not reflected in the index calculation. Nevertheless, these costs are charged whenever an index and its performance are replicated for an investment.

How closely an ETF tracks the performance of its underlying index is therefore critical. Ideally, the performance of the ETF differs from that of the index solely in the costs and fees incurred. Since for example indices tracking only the stock market of a single country apply different criteria for index replication compared to an index containing stocks from multiple countries, the criteria for an exact index replication differ from index to index. For these reasons, ÃÛ¶¹ÊÓƵ ETFs utilize a variety of index replication methods.

The purchasing process is in principle identical for all replication methods - however, physical delivery of the securities applies only to physically replicated ETFs.

In the case of full physical index replication, the ETF acquires all securities represented in the underlying index in accordance with their index weightings. Hence, the ETF is in physical possession of the index components and thus an exact replica of the index. If any changes are made to the index, for example through index adjustments or capital actions of the represented securities, the ETF replicates these changes, making transactions necessary on a regular basis. The ETF regularly distributes income, in the form of dividends or coupons for example.

The full physical replication method is characterized by simplicity and minimal tracking error.

Securities lending

A number of select physically replicated ETFs engage in securities lending in order to penitentially generate additional returns and reduce investors' net costs, whereby the ETF's securities are lent out for a fee. Securities lending transactions of ÃÛ¶¹ÊÓƵ ETFs are over collateralized to a minimum of 105%.

In the case of optimized physical replication, the ETF holds a sample of the securities in the underlying index. It seeks to achieve a return similar to that of the original stocks represented in the index by implementing analytical tools and mathematical optimization procedures to define a subset of the index constituents. The optimized physical replication method can be utilized to increase liquidity and minimize tracking error.

The optimized physical replication method is particularly suitable for very broad-based indices. For example, the MSCI World Index comprises approximately 1,600 stocks from a variety of markets, jurisdictions and currency zones. Accordingly, full physical replication of the index would involve high transaction costs. A number of these securities are not very liquid or have only minimal impact on the performance of the Index due to their low weighting. Transaction costs can be reduced by excluding these securities

Securities lending

A number of select physically replicated ETFs engage in securities lending in order to generate additional returns and reduce investors' net costs, whereby the ETF's securities are lent out for a fee. Securities lending transactions of ÃÛ¶¹ÊÓƵ ETFs are over collateralized to a minimum of 105%.

Several factors contribute to pricing ETFs and affect individual ETF costs. The total cost of owning an ETF depends largely on your chosen portfolio strategy as well as the asset class the fund invests in. ETF fees tend to be lover than traditional mutual funds however they do have a wide variety of different pricing terms. ETF spreads also vary in relation to ETF activity.

The tracking difference is the difference between fund performance and index performance. The fund performance represents all costs relevant to the fund and all income flows into the fund. Both the ETF total expense ratio and the tracking difference are published in the fund's semi-annual and annual report.

The total expense ratio is the ratio between total costs and the average fund size during a fiscal year. Costs are defined as all expenses in the income statement, including management, administration, custody, auditing, legal and advisory fees (operating expenses). The ETF total expense ratio is expressed retroactively as a percentage of the average fund assets and is calculated in accordance with the guidelines on the calculation and disclosure of the TER of collective investment schemes.

In the case of synthetic index replication, the performance of the index underlying the ETF is achieved through a swap. The ETF enters into a swap agreement with an investment bank, the swap counterparty. The content of this agreement is the transfer of the ETF's cash flows to the swap counterparty, which in return guarantees the performance of the tracked index to the ETF. The risk associated with precise index tracking is transferred from the ETF to the swap counterparty. As physical ownership of the securities represented in the index is no longer a prerequisite for participation in the index performance, it is possible to efficiently track markets that for example are impossible or difficult to access due to trading restrictions.

ÃÛ¶¹ÊÓƵ employs two different swap structures in synthetic replication: the fully funded swap and a combined model (total return swap and asset portfolio with fully funded swap).

Combined model: Asset portfolio and total return swap plus fully funded swap (AP & TRS + FFS)

In this replication method, the subscriptions into the ETF are invested in a ratio of approximately 95:5 in a portfolio of assets (the "asset portfolio") and a fully funded swap.

Asset portfolio and total return swap (AP & TRS)

Roughly 95% of the fund assets are used by the ETF to purchase a basket of securities, the asset portfolio. The basket consists of a diversified and liquid portfolio of developed market equities and is optimized on the basis of liquidity considerations. The ETF also enters into an unfunded swap agreement with the swap counterparty to exchange the returns of this portfolio for the desired index performance. The swap counterparty generates this performance by investing in securities and derivatives that replicate the index performance.

Fully funded swap (FFS)

The remaining fund assets (roughly 5%) are used by the ETF to enter into a fully funded swap agreement with the swap counterparty under which the swap counterparty agrees to deliver the index performance.

Exposure to the swap counterparty

In order to protect the ETF against the risk of the swap counterparty defaulting on its obligations, the swap counterparty transfers collateral to the ETF in the form of G10 government bonds, supranational bonds and cash. The amount of collateral transferred is subject to haircuts and collateral assets are held at an external custodian bank in the name of the ETF (transfer of ownership). The ETF has immediate access to the collateral in the event that the swap counterparty defaults on its obligations.

1. The ETF purchases a basket of securities with approx. 95% of its cash.
2. The ETF pledges the performance of the basket to the swap counterparty.
3. The swap counterparty pledges the exact index performance (less a fee drag) in return.
4. The ETF enters into a fully funded swap with the swap counterparty for approx. 5% of its cash.
5. The swap counterparty owes the exact index performance (less a fee drag).
6. The swap counterparty transfers collateral to the ETF in the form of G10 government bonds, supranational bonds and cash. The amount of collateral transferred is subject to haircuts.

Fully funded swap model

In this replication method, the ETF transfers cash to the swap counterparty and in return receives the index performance via a swap contract. In order to help to protect the ETF against the risk of the swap counterparty defaulting on its obligations, the swap counterparty transfers collateral to the ETF in the form of G10 government bonds, supranational bonds and cash. The amount of collateral transferred is subject to haircuts and the collateral assets are held in a segregated account at an external custodian bank in the name of the ETF (transfer of ownership). The ETF has immediate access to the collateral in the event that the swap counterparty defaults on its obligations.

1. The ETF enters into a fully funded swap with the swap counterparty.
2. The swap counterparty owes the exact index performance (less a fee drag).
3. The swap counterparty transfers collateral to the ETF in the form of G10 government bonds, supranational bonds and cash. The amount of collateral transferred is subject to haircuts.
   

For all synthetic ÃÛ¶¹ÊÓƵ ETFs, the ÃÛ¶¹ÊÓƵ Investment Bank is the exclusive counterparty for all OTC swap transactions. However, ÃÛ¶¹ÊÓƵ ETF monitors the creditworthiness of the counterparty on a regular basis. The monitoring is performed by the directors of the board in the quarterly meetings. If the market circumstances require it, the review can even take place at an ad-hoc basis. Although ÃÛ¶¹ÊÓƵ Investment Bank is the only counterparty to ÃÛ¶¹ÊÓƵ ETFs' swap agreements, pricing is tested via a range of external panel banks on at least an annual basis. If a panel bank offers more favorable terms, then ÃÛ¶¹ÊÓƵ Investment Bank has the ability to enter into a back-to-back swap agreement with the panel bank in order to achieve competitive pricing for the ETFs. Where permitted and operationally possible, we use multiple FX counterparties to facilitate our FX execution.

Yes, some ÃÛ¶¹ÊÓƵ physically replicated ETFs domiciled in Luxembourg, Ireland and Switzerland participate in securities lending. However, for Fixed Income, ESG/SRI and precious metal ÃÛ¶¹ÊÓƵ ETFs the fund management company does not carry out any lending transactions.

Securities leading by the fund seeks to generate additional revenues (typically 1-20 bp, depending on the index). Securities-lending revenues are reflected in the NAV, directly reducing the net cost to investors.

The borrower pays the ETF a fee for the duration of the securities lending period. In addition, all entitlements such as coupons or dividends paid on the securities while on loan are passed on to the ETF in the form of a manufactured payment. As such, securities lending enables the fund to potentiality generate additional revenues, which are reflected in the net asset value (NAV) and directly reduce net costs to investors as a result.

According to the European fund UCITS directive and the Swiss CISA, securities lending may be up to 100%. Actual lending rates for ÃÛ¶¹ÊÓƵ ETFs have been considerably lower. ÃÛ¶¹ÊÓƵ ETFs have set a cap of 50% of the net asset value of an ETF on securities lending, while some are capped at 25% in order to meet market requirements.

To seek minimize securities lending risk for ÃÛ¶¹ÊÓƵ ETFs, borrowers are carefully selected and monitored on a daily basis. Before borrowers receive the securities, they must provide the lender - the ETF - with collateral. The collateral assets serve to secure the borrower's obligations to the lender. The collateral is transferred to a completely separate custody account or collateral account that is ring-fenced from the lender's balance sheet.

Securities lending may be terminated on demand by the lender on a daily basis. A daily mark-to-market valuation of loans and collateral ensures that the value of the collateral posted by the borrower is always adjusted to the correct level. In addition, securities lending transactions of ÃÛ¶¹ÊÓƵ ETFs are always over collateralized to a minimum of 105%. For Swiss-domiciled ETFs, a valuation haircut is additionally applied to the underlying collateral. Securities lending ceases when it is terminated by the ETF or the borrower's demand is satisfied. The collateral held is returned to the borrower only after the securities have been returned to the ETF.

The securities lending agent for Luxembourg-domiciled ETFs is State Street Bank International GmbH, Munich, Germany, and State Street Bank and Trust Company. For Swiss ÃÛ¶¹ÊÓƵ ETFs, ÃÛ¶¹ÊÓƵ Switzerland AG acts as the sole borrower (principal) to the lending program.

State Street acts as lending agent. The borrower list of the lending agent is approved by ÃÛ¶¹ÊÓƵ representatives. In addition, it matches with the ÃÛ¶¹ÊÓƵ counterparty list. The counterparty risk is monitored on a daily basis by the lending agent, State Street. State Street also provides default indemnification in the event that a borrower is unable to return securities. Securities lending transactions of ÃÛ¶¹ÊÓƵ ETFs are fully collateralized.

ÃÛ¶¹ÊÓƵ Switzerland AG is the sole borrower (principal) in respect of the ETF and guarantees all contractual duties. To protect the ETF against ÃÛ¶¹ÊÓƵ counterparty risk, ÃÛ¶¹ÊÓƵ Switzerland AG provides collateral according to stringent FINMA regulations (Collective Investment Schemes Ordinance).

1. The terms of the trade are agreed between the lending agent and the borrower, and collateral is delivered.
2. Once the collateral has been received by the lending agent, the lent/borrowed securities are transferred to the borrower.
3. The lender (i.e. the ETF) remains the beneficial owner of the security on loan. As such, the lending agent collects all entitlements paid on each security whilst on loan and passes these back to the lender as a manufactured payment. The lender is in the same economic position as if the security had not been lent.
4. The borrower pays the lending agent the pre agreed lending fee. Payments are agreed and made on a monthly basis.
5. The borrower returns the securities once the demand is fulfilled, or earlier if the lender liquidates a position. All trades are recallable on demand on a daily basis and no fixed term trades are entered into.
6. Once the security has been returned to the lender's custody account, the lending agent returns the collateral held to the borrower.

1. ÃÛ¶¹ÊÓƵ ETFs have given the securities lending mandate to ÃÛ¶¹ÊÓƵ Switzerland AG, acting as principal securities lending provider.
2. ÃÛ¶¹ÊÓƵ Switzerland AG re-uses the borrowed securities in line with demand from street-side borrowers and from ÃÛ¶¹ÊÓƵ-internal sources. ÃÛ¶¹ÊÓƵ deals with external and internal borrowers on an at-arms-length basis.
3. ÃÛ¶¹ÊÓƵ ETFs only have credit risk towards ÃÛ¶¹ÊÓƵ Switzerland AG, but not to street-side borrowers.
4. Fees received from the market borrower are shared according to a pre-agreed fee split arrangement between the ÃÛ¶¹ÊÓƵ ETF and ÃÛ¶¹ÊÓƵ Switzerland AG.
5. In case a security is on loan over a record date, ÃÛ¶¹ÊÓƵ Switzerland AG passes on all corporate actions to the ETF. Coupons and dividends will be paid to the ETF via a substitute payment ensuring the ETF is economically at least in the same position as it would be if the securities had not been on loan over record date.
6. ÃÛ¶¹ÊÓƵ Switzerland AG will return the securities to the ETF upon termination of the loan, or if the ETF wishes to regain the securities, for example in case of a sale. The ETF portfolio manager can sell securities anytime even if they are on loan. For this reason, securities lending does not interfere with the main investment process.

ÃÛ¶¹ÊÓƵ has limited lending by any one ÃÛ¶¹ÊÓƵ ETF to 50% of its assets under management. In practice and as a rule, the proportion actually lent is significantly lower